The team tracked individual plankton them from birth to death and exposed them to various concentrations of sodium chloride (rock salt) and calcium chloride.
Proper snow clearance and de-icing is a vital part of wintertime infrastructure maintenance in colder climates. Icy roads are dangerous to everyone, but perhaps especially pedestrians and cyclists.
On an average year, more people are injured due to slipping on ice (~36000) than in traffic (~18000) in Sweden (where I live).
Obviously it’d be better to have more enviromentally friendly solutions, but this really isn’t a car issue. In some areas here they’ve installed heating under the pavement to de-ice, which avoids salting and is much nicer for pedestrians, though is horribly expensive by comparison.
Where I live they just de-ice the road for cars, pedestrians and cyclists can dream about it, and I always wondered why, our cars have 4 wheels, it’s not like I’ll fall, but my body or my bike is just on two point (one when I’m walking), much more chance to slip
In towns/cities this sort of stuff is handled by the municipality here. Maybe you could send in a suggestion to your local council?
Also, in places where winter tires (not all season crap) aren’t the norm, or studded ones are outlawed (pure idiocy IMO) road vehicles are just as susceptible and the danger of not being able to stop. When considering that road vehicles include say a… 50ton cargo truck that becomes a high priority.
We actually had some issues this last winter - truckers from continental Europe (who don’t have proper tires) getting stuck and blocking one of our national highways (more than once) in the middle of snow-storms. In one case more than a thousand people were stuck in the ensuing chaos.
Here in Germany studded tires are outlawed almost everywhere and its a good thing.
Where I live we usually only have one or two weeks each year where we have any snow or ice on the road and it usually gets cleared very quickly.
The amount of noise and road damage created by studded tires would far outweigh their usefulness for those 1 or 2 days where the snow hasnt been cleared everywhere yet.
I might get some studded bike tires this winter (those are legal) as roads are sadly cleared much quicker than the sidewalks and sliding a little bit with a car is not as bad as falling over on a bike.
It also isnt as loud as studded car tires and doesnt damage the road as much as studded car tires.
If your country doesn’t get winter and negative degrees, it’s probably fine - but please do keep your drivers out of our country.
It most certainly isn’t safe to be driving w/o proper winter tires (and in fact illegal) in real Scandinavian winter weather and it’s usually foreign registered vehicles causing trouble and accidents.
It is all about reduction. Wider lanes need more salt coverage than smaller ones, same for parking lot sizes. More importantly, we could also be treating the salty run off water. Many roads just drain straight into the creeks or waterways, using sedimentation and retention ponds could reduce salinity before entering the environment.
This is still a car issue, though. From a US perspective which is extremely car-dependent, all of the following get deiced and either exist only because of car-centric infrastructure or would be present to a much lesser degree without it:
Driveways are often deiced by individuals. You’ll likely also deice the concrete path to your door, but removing the driveway from the equation nearly always dramatically lessens how much needs deicing.
There are enormous, sprawling parking lots that get deiced. These parking lots would not exist in such an insanely sprawling form if not for car-centrism.
Highways, exit ramps, and road bridges need deicing.
Car-centrism leads to much wider lanes than streets and roads actually need, creating vastly more surface area to deice.
Car-centrism leads to ridiculous sprawling urban design which means untold kilometers of road that wouldn’t exist otherwise get deiced.
Cutting down on car-centrism in the US and Canada would create an enormous reduction in how much deicer needs to be used here.
this feels like you think car roads just appear magically from nowhere, and are an elemental feature of the world, not a ridiculously bloated maintenance expenditure of literally every municipality in the country.
Proper snow clearance and de-icing is a vital part of wintertime infrastructure maintenance in colder climates. Icy roads are dangerous to everyone, but perhaps especially pedestrians and cyclists.
On an average year, more people are injured due to slipping on ice (~36000) than in traffic (~18000) in Sweden (where I live).
Obviously it’d be better to have more enviromentally friendly solutions, but this really isn’t a car issue. In some areas here they’ve installed heating under the pavement to de-ice, which avoids salting and is much nicer for pedestrians, though is horribly expensive by comparison.
Just read how here in PA they convinced local governments that fracking runoff was good to put on roads. Turns out it’s not healthy.
How anyone thought it wouldn’t be harmful - boggles the mind.
Money speaks louder than facts
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Where I live they just de-ice the road for cars, pedestrians and cyclists can dream about it, and I always wondered why, our cars have 4 wheels, it’s not like I’ll fall, but my body or my bike is just on two point (one when I’m walking), much more chance to slip
In towns/cities this sort of stuff is handled by the municipality here. Maybe you could send in a suggestion to your local council?
Also, in places where winter tires (not all season crap) aren’t the norm, or studded ones are outlawed (pure idiocy IMO) road vehicles are just as susceptible and the danger of not being able to stop. When considering that road vehicles include say a… 50ton cargo truck that becomes a high priority.
We actually had some issues this last winter - truckers from continental Europe (who don’t have proper tires) getting stuck and blocking one of our national highways (more than once) in the middle of snow-storms. In one case more than a thousand people were stuck in the ensuing chaos.
Here in Germany studded tires are outlawed almost everywhere and its a good thing.
Where I live we usually only have one or two weeks each year where we have any snow or ice on the road and it usually gets cleared very quickly.
The amount of noise and road damage created by studded tires would far outweigh their usefulness for those 1 or 2 days where the snow hasnt been cleared everywhere yet.
I might get some studded bike tires this winter (those are legal) as roads are sadly cleared much quicker than the sidewalks and sliding a little bit with a car is not as bad as falling over on a bike.
It also isnt as loud as studded car tires and doesnt damage the road as much as studded car tires.
If your country doesn’t get winter and negative degrees, it’s probably fine - but please do keep your drivers out of our country.
It most certainly isn’t safe to be driving w/o proper winter tires (and in fact illegal) in real Scandinavian winter weather and it’s usually foreign registered vehicles causing trouble and accidents.
You do have to use winter tires here in Germany when the conditions warrant it, they just aren’t studded.
It is all about reduction. Wider lanes need more salt coverage than smaller ones, same for parking lot sizes. More importantly, we could also be treating the salty run off water. Many roads just drain straight into the creeks or waterways, using sedimentation and retention ponds could reduce salinity before entering the environment.
This is still a car issue, though. From a US perspective which is extremely car-dependent, all of the following get deiced and either exist only because of car-centric infrastructure or would be present to a much lesser degree without it:
Cutting down on car-centrism in the US and Canada would create an enormous reduction in how much deicer needs to be used here.
this feels like you think car roads just appear magically from nowhere, and are an elemental feature of the world, not a ridiculously bloated maintenance expenditure of literally every municipality in the country.